Publications

Cleavage-stage bovine embryos are transcriptionally quiescent until they reach the 8- to 16-cell stage, and thus rely on the reserves provided by the stored maternal mRNAs and proteins found in the oocytes to achieve their first cell divisions. The objective of this study was to characterize the expression and localization of the transcriptional and translational regulators, Y box binding protein 2 (YBX2), TATA box-binding protein (TBP), and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), during bovine early embryo development. Germinal vesicle (GV)- and metaphase II (MII)-stage oocytes, as well as 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-cell-stage embryos, morula, and blastocysts, produced in vitro were analyzed for temporal and spatial protein expression. Using Q-PCR, ATF2 mRNA expression was shown to remain constant from the GV-stage oocyte to the four-cell embryo, and then decreased through to the blastocyst stage. By contrast, the protein levels of ATF2 remained constant throughout embryo development and were found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Both TBP and YBX2 showed opposite protein expression patterns, as YBX2 protein levels decreased throughout development, while TBP levels increased through to the blastocyst stage. Immunolocalization studies revealed that TBP protein was localized in the nucleus of 8- to 16-cell-stage embryos, whereas the translational regulator YBX2 was exclusively cytoplasmic and disappeared from the 16-cell stage onward. This study shows that YBX2, TBP, and ATF2 are differentially regulated through embryo development, and provides insight into the molecular events occurring during the activation of the bovine genome during embryo development in vitro.